|
A |
|
Abiogenesis |
The theory that says life existed at other
places in the universe, and was transmitted
to earth by way of asteroids, comets, space
dust, etc. |
|
Atom |
The atom, in chemistry and physics, is the smallest possible
particle of a chemical element that retains its chemical properties.
Atoms are the smallest building blocks from which all matter is made. |
|
Bible |
The word "Bible" refers to the canonical
collections of sacred writings of Judaism
and Christianity |
|
Archaea |
Primitive single-cell organisms;
micro-organisms of a domain (Archaea)
including, especially, methane-producing forms, some red halophilic
(salty) forms, and others of harsh, hot acidic environments (such as
found in hot spring water). |
|
Archaean
Eon |
The middle era of Precambrian time, spanning
the period between 3.8 and 2.5 billion years
ago. Life arose on Earth during the early Archaean, as indicated by the appearance of fossil bacteria in
rocks thought to be about 3.5 billion years old. Its name means
"ancient." |
|
ATP |
Adenosine triphosphate |
|
Aborigine |
Indigenous inhabitant of Australia |
|
ATP
|
(Adenosine Tri-Phosphate Enzyme): ATP organic chemical compound: a
chemical compound (nucleotide) occurring in living organisms that
provides most of the energy required by cells during its conversion to
another nucleotide (ADP). Full form adenosine triphosphate. |
|
Aborigine |
Indigenous Australian |
|
Angstrom |
A unit of measurement of the wavelength of electromagnetic
radiation; equals one ten-billionth of a meter, or 10-10 m. |
|
Anthropology |
Christian doctrine concerned with humankind; the parts of
Christian doctrine that are concerned with the nature, origin, and
destiny of humankind. |
|
Anisotropy |
with different properties in different directions: used to
describe something with physical properties that are different in
different directions, for example, crystals that are not symmetrical or
regular, especially ones measuring differently along each of two or more
axes |
|
Astronomy |
The scientific study of the universe, especially of the
motions, positions, sizes, composition, and behavior of celestial
objects. These objects are studied and interpreted from the radiation
they emit and from data gathered by interplanetary probes. |
|
B |
|
Bacteria |
bac•te•ri•um (plural bac•te•ri•a ) microscopic life form: a
single-celled, often parasitic microorganism without distinct nuclei or
organized cell structures. Various species are responsible for decay,
fermentation, nitrogen fixation, and many plant and animal diseases. |
|
Bible |
Christian Holy Book, Jewish Holy Book B. Bible: 1. Christian holy
book: the sacred book of the Christian religion 2. bible Jewish holy
book: the Hebrew scriptures, the sacred book of the Jewish religion 3.
or Bi•ble or bi•ble religion’s holy book: the holy book of any religion |
|
Bonobo |
African primate species also called pygmy chimpanzee ape that
was regarded as a subspecies of the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) until
1933, when it was first classified separately. The bonobo is found only
in lowland rainforests along the south bank of the Congo River in the
Democratic Republic of the Congo. |
|
C |
|
Chemoautotroph |
Bacteria organisms that produce energy from inorganic
substances without using the process of photosynthesis. |
|
Cherubim |
Angel of knowledge; second-order angel.. |
|
Cherub (plural cher•u•bim or cher•ubs) |
An angel, specifically one
belonging to the second order of angels in the celestial hierarchy whose
distinctive attribute is knowledge |
|
Coacervates |
To assemble, to
gather, or to “heap up.” An aggregate of
colloidal droplets held together by electrostatically attractive forces. |
|
Cosmology |
The scientific
study of universe: the scientific study of
the origin and structure of the universe. |
|
Cyanobacteria |
Bacteria that
are able to carry out the process of
photosynthesis. |
|
Cytoplasm |
The complex of chemical compounds and structures within a
plant or animal cell outside the nucleus.
Mitochondrial DNA – DNA outside the cell’s nucleus. This is a small
circular DNA molecule found in the mitochondria of a cell. Mitochondrial
DNA is inherited only from the mother.
Mitochondria Eve – 150 thousand years ago marks the birth and lifetime
of mitochondria eve. This is a milestone in the development of the human
being, because all humans are her descendants. Mitochondrial DNA is inherited only from the mother. |
|
D |
|
Day |
The term “day”
in Genesis, chapter 1, New American Standard
Bible (NASB)
is defined in this book as a “Creational Geological Time Period”. |
|
Deoxyribonucleic
Acid (DNA) |
The substance carrying an organism’s
genetic information: a nucleic acid molecule in the form of a twisted
double strand (double helix) that is the major component of chromosomes
and carries genetic information. DNA, which is found in all living
organisms but not in some viruses, is self-replicating and is
responsible for passing along hereditary characteristics from one
generation to the next. From Due Diligence – East Valley Think Tank
(Japanese) DD-EVTT |
|
E |
|
Electromagnetic
Spectrum of Energy |
The
electromagnetic spectrum is a continuum of
all electromagnetic waves arranged according
to frequency and wavelength. The sun, earth,
and other bodies radiate electromagnetic
energy of varying wavelengths.
Electromagnetic energy passes through space
at the speed of light in the form of
sinusoidal waves. The wavelength is the
distance from wave-crest to wave-crest
Light is a particular type of electromagnetic radiation that can be seen
and sensed by the human eye, but this energy exists at a wide range of
wavelengths. The micron is the basic unit for measuring the wavelength
of electromagnetic waves. The spectrum of waves is divided into sections
based on wavelength. The shortest waves are gamma rays, which have
wavelengths of 10e-6 microns or less. The longest waves are radio waves,
which have wavelengths of many kilometers. The range of visible
wavelengths consists of the narrow portion of the spectrum, from 0.4
microns (blue) to 0.7 microns (red). |
|
Eukaryotes |
Organisms with visible nuclei: any of a domain (Eukarya) or
a higher classification |
|
Eukaryota |
Above the kingdom that includes organisms composed of one or
more cells containing visibly evident nuclei and organelles. |
|
Euprimates |
A new genus of primates. Established as a true primate – A
member of an order of mammals with a large brain and complex hands and
feet, including apes, monkeys and humans. |
|
Exogenesis |
From an outside organism: originating outside an organism or
system. See also endogenous |
|
F |
|
Fertile Crescent |
The Fertile Crescent is a historical region in the
Middle East watered by the Nile, Jordan, Euphrates and Tigris rivers.
These areas correspond to the present-day Egypt, Israel, West Bank, Gaza
Strip, Lebanon and parts of Jordan, Syria, Iraq, southeastern Turkey and
south-western Iran. Fossil: Preserved remains of animal or plant: the
remains of an animal or plant preserved from an earlier era inside a
rock or other geological deposit, often as an impression or in a
petrified state. |
|
G |
|
Genetics |
A branch of biology dealing with heredity and genetic
variations. Organism’s genetic makeup: the genetic makeup of an organism
or group of organisms. |
|
Genome |
A set of chromosomes: the full complement of genetic information
that an individual organism inherits from its parents, especially the
set of chromosomes and the genes they carry. |
|
Glycolysis |
The production of energy from carbohydrates.
Gravitation, The Law of:
F = m1m2
r2
F = the gravitational Force
m1 and m2 are the masses of the two objects
r is the distance between the two objects
G = the Gravitational Constant
The current value of G = 6.67390 x 10-11 m3/kg/s2., which also
represents an uncertainty of 0.0014%
The mass for the Earth: 5.97223 (+/- .00008) x 1024 kg.
The mass of the sun is 1.98843 (+/- .00003) x 1030 kg
William Schewe and Ben Stein (U Washington, 2000)
Gundlach -- |
|
H |
|
Homo-sapien |
The species of
modern human beings – the only existent
species of the family that also included
other species named “Homo”. |
|
Hominid |
Member of a primate family including humans: a primate
belonging to a family of which the modern human being is the only
species still in existence.
Hydrophobic: Non-soluble in water. |
|
I |
|
Islam |
The Muslim religion based upon the teachings of Mohamad. Islam is
a monotheistic religion based upon the teachings of Muhammad, a 7th
century Arab religious and political figure. It is the second-largest
religion in the world today, with an estimated 1.4 billion adherents,
known as Muslims. Muslims believe that God revealed the Qur’an to
Muhammad and that Muhammad is God's final prophet. |
|
J |
|
Joule (J) |
In the International System, the “Joule” is a unit of energy
or “work,” equal to the work done when the application point of a one
Newton of force moves one meter in the direction of the application. |
|
K |
|
Koran |
Quran: Islamic holy book: the sacred text of Islam, believed by
Muslims to record the revelations of God to Muhammad. Also called Alcoran |
|
L |
|
Last Universal Ancestor (LUA) |
The hypothetical latest living
organism from which all currently living organisms descend. As such, it
is the most recent common ancestor of the set of all currently living
organisms. LUCA (last universal common ancestor, also named Lucy was
estimated to have lived some 3.5 billion years ago. |
|
Lithosphere |
: The solid portion of the earth: the solid outer layer of
the earth above the asthenosphere, consisting of the crust and upper
mantle. |
|
M |
|
Mass |
Physical quantity: the property of an object that is a measure of
its inertia, the amount of matter it contains, and its influence in a
gravitational field. Symbol: m |
|
Matter |
Material
substance: the material substance of the
universe that has mass, occupies space, and
is convertible to energy. |
|
Mitochondria |
A small body in cells: a small, round or rod-shaped body
that is found in the cytoplasm of most cells and produces enzymes for
the metabolic conversion of food to energy. |
|
N |
|
Newton |
A unit of force. In the International System, a
Newton is the
equivalent to the force that produces an acceleration of one meter per
second per second on a mass of one kilogram. |
|
O |
|
|
|
|
P |
|
Paleo-Anthropology |
The study of early human beings and related species
through fossil evidence |
|
Panspermia |
Theory that life exists everywhere, and will grow at any
place where environment is favorable for growth.
Persia: Historic region of southwestern Asia associated with the area
that is now modern Iran. |
|
Photon |
A quantum of electromagnetic radiation or visible light or other
form of electromagnetic radiation demonstrating both particle and wave
properties. A photon has neither mass nor electric charge but possesses
energy and momentum. |
|
Photodissociate |
The process by which water is divided into oxygen and
hydrogen atoms by ultraviolet light. |
|
Planck’s
Constant |
Named for Max Planck (see “Names of contributors”
list); a basic physical constant that is equal to the energy of a photon
divided by its frequency, with an approximate value of 6.6261 x 10–34
joule-seconds. Symbol: h
The value of Planck's constant mathematically describes the amount of
energy in various electromagnetic waves, in joule seconds, is: h =
6.6260693(11) x 10-34 Js or, with electron-volt as the unit of energy: h
= 4.13566743(35) x 10-15 eV.
Electromagnetic energy travels through space
at the speed of light.
C (velocity) = frequency (f) times wavelength (l) (lambda) or C = f l
where C is the speed of light = 299,792,458 m/s, or C= 3 X 108
meters/sec. |
|
Planetesimal |
A small, rocky celestial body: a small, rocky celestial
object thought to have orbited the Sun in the early stages of the solar
system before coalescing with others to form the planets |
|
Prokaryote |
Simple organism without a nucleus: an organism where DNA is
not contained within a nucleus. Bacteria are prokaryotes. |
|
Proterozoic Eon |
The latter half of the Precambrian era, during which
sea plants and animals first appeared. |
|
Q |
|
Quark |
“Quark” is defined as a hypothetical (and subatomic) particle
that carries a fractional electric charge that is held to be a
constituent of known elementary particles. |
|
Qur’an or Koran: |
Islamic holy book: the sacred text of Islam, believed
by Muslims to record the revelations of God to Muhammad. Also called Alcoran |
|
R |
|
|
Radiocarbon dating: A radiometric dating method that uses the naturally
occurring isotope carbon-14 to determine the age of carbonaceous
materials up to 60,000 years. In the field of archeology it is
considered an absolute dating technique. The technique was discovered by
Willard Frank Libby and his colleagues in 1949 during his tenure as a
professor at the University of Chicago. Libby estimated that the steady
state radioactivity concentration of exchangeable 14C would be about 14
disintegrations per minute per gram carbon. In 1960, Libby was awarded
the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his method to use carbon-14 for age
determination.
Atoms of the same element with differing atomic weights are called
isotopes. Radioactive decay is a spontaneous process in which an isotope
(the parent) loses particles from its nucleus to form an isotope of a
new element (the daughter). The rate of decay is constant and accurate,
and conveniently expressed in terms of an isotope's half-life, or the
time it takes for one-half of a particular radioactive isotope in a
sample to decay.
-
Uranium-238 (parent isotope) becomes Lead-206 (stable daughter
isotope) in 4.5 billion years
-
Uranium-235 (parent isotope) becomes Lead-207 (daughter) in 704
million years
-
Samarium-147 (parent isotope) becomes Neodymium in 106 million years
|
|
Religion |
A
religion is a set of beliefs and practices
generally held by a human community,
involving adherence to codified beliefs and
rituals and study of ancestral or cultural
traditions, writings, history, and
mythology, as well as personal faith and
mystic experience |
|
Ribonucleic
Acid (RNA) |
Nucleic acid in all living cells: a nucleic acid
that contains the sugar ribose, is found in all living cells, and is
essential for the manufacture of proteins according to the instructions
carried by genes. RNA also acts instead of DNA as the genetic material
in certain viruses. |
|
S |
|
S.F.C |
Science Fiction Chronicle |
|
Spectrometer |
An optical instrument used to measure properties of light
over a specific portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. The variable
measured is most often the light's intensity but could also, for
instance, |
|
T |
|
Taxonomy |
The study of the general principles of scientific
classification.
The orderly classification of plants and animals according to their
presumed natural relationships |
|
Time |
The Common Era (CE), sometimes known as the Current Era or less
often referred to as the Christian Era, is the period of measured time
beginning with the year 1 (the traditional birthdate of Jesus) to the
present. The notations CE and BCE (Before the Common Era or Before the
Christian Era) are alternative notations for AD (Anno Domini, Latin, for
"in the year of the Lord" and BC (Before Christ), respectively. They may
also be written C.E. and B.C.E. |
|
X |
|
X-Ray |
1. Electromagnetic radiation: a high-energy electromagnetic
radiation. It has a wavelength between 0.01 and 10 nanometers, which is
between gamma rays and ultraviolet light, and can penetrate solids and
ionize gas.
2. Photographic image using X-rays: an image produced on
photographic film by X-rays passing through objects or parts of the
body, often used in medicine and science as a Diagnostic tool. |
|
Y |
|
Y-Chromosome |
Adam: 60 thousand years ago – Y chromosomal Adam lives in
Africa. He is the last male human from which all current human
Y-chromosomes are descended.
A chromosome is a single large molecule of DNA, and is the basic 'unit'
of DNA in a cell. It is a very long, continuous piece of DNA (a single
DNA molecule), which contains many genes,
Most mammals have one pair of sex chromosomes in each cell. Males have
one Y chromosome and one X chromosome, while females have two X
chromosomes. In mammals, the Y chromosome contains the gene that
triggers embryonic development as a male. |
